X class science second term syllabus with practical

SECOND TERM

CLASS X

Second Term                                                                                  Marks : 80
Units                                                                                                      Marks

I.	Chemical Substances -Nature and Behaviour		21
II.	World of living		27
III.	Natural Phenomena		26
IV	Natural Resources		06

Theme : Materials                                                                                   (25 Periods) Unit : Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour
Carbon compounds : Covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Versatile nature of carbon. Homologous series Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups (halogens, alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, alkanes and alkynes), difference between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chemical properties of carbon compounds (combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution reaction). Ethanol and Ethanoic acid (only properties and uses), soaps and detergents.
Periodic classification of elements : Need for classification, Modern Periodic table, gradation in Properties, valency, Atomic number, metallic and non-metallic properties.
Theme : The world of The Living                                                           (30 Periods) Unit : World of living
Reproduction : Reproduction in animal and plants (asexual and sexual) reproductive health-need for and methods of family planning. safe sex vs HIV/AIDS. Child bearing and women's health.
Heridity and evolution : Heredity; Mendel's contribution- Laws for inheritance of traits: Sex determination: brief introduction; Basic concepts of evolution.
Theme : Natural Phenomena                                                                  (23 Periods)
Unit : Reflection of light at curved surfaces, Images formed by spherical mirrors, centre of curvature, principal axis, principal focus, focal length. Mirror Formula (Derivation not required), Magnification.
Refraction; laws of refraction, refractive index.
Refraction of light by spherical lens, Image formed by spherical lenses, Lens formula (Derivation not required), Magnification. Power of a lens; Functioning of a lens in human eye, defects of vision and their corrections, applications of spherical mirrors and lenses.
Refraction of light through a prism, dispersion of light, scattering of light, applications in daily life.
Theme : Natural Resources                                                                (12 Periods) Unit : Conservation of natural resources
Management of natural resources. Conservation and judicious use of natural resources. Forest and wild life, coal and petroleum conservation. Examples of People's participation for conservation of natural resources.
The Regional environment : Big dams : advantages and limitations; alternatives if any. Water harvesting. Sustainability of natural resources.
Our environment : Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, waste production and their solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable, substances.

PRACTICALS

Practical should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes

SECOND TERM

1.      a)      To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions.
4
 i.        ZnSO4(aq.)  ii.        FeSO4 (aq.)  iii.       CuSO4 (aq.)  iv.       Al2SO4(aq.)
b)      Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above result.
2.      To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid) :
i)        odour
ii)       solubility in water iii)    effect on litmus
iv)      reaction with sodium bicarbonate
3.      To determine the focal length of i.         Concave mirror
ii.        Convex lens
by obtaining the image of a distant object.
4.      To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence.
Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret the result.
5.      To study (a) binary fission in Amoeba and (b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.
6.      To determine the percentage of water absorbed by raisins.

X class first term science syllabus with practical

COURSE STRUCTURE

CLASS X

First Term                                                                                       Marks : 80
Units                                                                                                      Marks

I.	Chemical Substances		29
II.	World of living		19
III.	Effects of Current		26
IV	Natural Resources		06

Theme : Materials                                                                                    (30 Periods) Unit : Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour
Chemical reactions : Chemical Equation, Balanced chemical equation, implications of a balanced chemical equation, types of chemical reactions : combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, precipitation, neutralization, oxidation and reduction.
Acids, bases and salts : Their definitions in terms of furnishing of H+ and OH- ions, General properties, examples and uses, concept of pH scale(Definition relating to logarithm not required), importance of pH in everyday life; preparation and uses of sodium hydroxide, Bleaching powder, Baking soda, washing soda and Plaster of Paris.
Metals and non metals : Properties of metals and non-metals, reactivity series, formation and properties of ionic compounds, basic metallurgical processes, corrosion and its prevention
Theme : The world of The Living                                                           (20 Periods) Unit : World of Living
Life Processes : "living being". Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and animals.
Control and Co-ordination in Animals and Plants : Tropic movements in plants; Introduction to plant hormones; control and co-ordination in animals : nervous system; voluntary, involuntary and reflex action, chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.
Theme : How things work.                                                                     (32 Periods) Unit : Effects of Current
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm's law; Resistance, Resistivity, Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of Electric current and its applications in daily life. Electric Power, Inter relation between P, V, I and R.
Magnetic effects of current : Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying conductor, field due to current carrying coil or solenoid; Force on current carrying conductor, Fleming's left hand rule. Electro magnetic induction. Induced potential difference, Induced current. Fleming's Right Hand Rule, Direct current. Alternating current : frequency of AC. Advantage of AC over DC. Domestic electric circuits.
Theme : Natural Resources                                                                       (8 periods) Unit : Sources of energy
Different forms of energy, conventional and non-conventional sources of energy: fossil fuels, solar energy; biogas;
wind, water and tidal energy; nuclear energy. Renewable versus non-renewable sources

PRACTICALS

Practical should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes

FIRST TERM

1.      To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator. a.            Dilute Hydrochloric acid
b.      Dilute NaOH solution
c.      Dilute ethanoic acid solution d. Lemon juice
e.      Water
f.       Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution.
2.      To study the properties of acids and bases HCl & NaOH by their reaction with a.   Litmus solution (Blue/Red)
b.      Zinc metal
c.      Solid sodium carbonate
3.      To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plot a graph between V and I.
4.      To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series.
5.      To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in parallel.
6.      To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
7.      To show experimentally that light is necessary for photosynthesis.
8.      To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.
9.      To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:
i.        Combination reaction
ii.        Decomposition reaction iii.         Displacement reaction
iv.       Double displacement reaction
1)      Action of water on quick lime.
2)      Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
3)      Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
4)      Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions.

IX class second term science syllabus

COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS IX

Second Term                                                                               Total  Marks : 80
Units                                                                                                      Marks

I.	Matter - Its nature and behaviour		15
II.	Organisation in the living world		22
III.	Motion, Force and Work		32
IV	Our Environment		11

Theme : Materials                                                                                     (28 Periods) Unit : Matter - Nature and Behaviour
Particle nature, basic units : atoms and molecules. Law of constant proportions. Atomic and molecular masses.
Mole Concept : Relationship of mole to mass of the particles and numbers. Valency. Chemical formula of common compounds.
Structure of atom : Electrons, protons and neutrons; Isotopes and isobars.
Theme : The World of The Living                                                          (23 Periods) Unit : Organization in the living world.
Biological Diversity : Diversity of plants and animals - basic issues in scientific naming, basis of classification. Hierarchy of categories / groups, Major groups of plants (salient features) (Bacteria, Thalophyta, Bryo phyta, Pteridophyta, gymnosperms and Angiosperms). Major groups of animals (salient features) (Non-chordates upto phyla and chordates upto classes).
Health and diseases : Health and its failure. Infectious and Non-infectious diseases, their causes and manifestation. Diseases caused by microbes (Virus, Bacteria and protozoans) and their prevention, Principles of treatment and prevention. Pulse polio programmes.
Theme : Moving Things, People and Ideas                                           (24 Periods) Unit : Motion, force and work
Floatation : Thrust and pressure. Archimedes' principle, buoyancy, elementary idea of relative density.
Work, energy and power : Work done by a force, energy, power; kinetic and potential energy; law of conservation of energy.
Sound : Nature of sound and its propagation in various media, speed of sound, range of hearing in humans; ultrasound;
reflection of sound; echo and SONAR.
Structure of the human ear (auditory aspect only).
Theme : Natural Resources                                                                    (15 Periods) Unit : Our environment
Physical resources : Air, Water, Soil.
Air for respiration, for combustion, for moderating temperatures, movements of air and its role in bringing rains across India.
Air, water and soil pollution ( brief introduction). Holes in ozone layer and the probable damages. Bio-geo chemical cycles in nature : water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen

PRACTICALS

Practical should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes

SECOND TERM

1.      To verify laws of reflection of sound.
2.      To determine the density of solid (denser than water) by using a spring balance and a measuring cylinder.
3.      To establish the relation between the loss in weight of a solid when fully immersed in a.        tap water
b.      strongly salty water, with the weight of water displaced by it by taking at least two different solids.
4.      To observe and compare the pressure exerted by a solid iron cuboid on sand while resting on its three different faces and to calculate the pressure exerted in the three different cases.
5.      To determine the velocity of a pulse propagated through a stretched string/slinky.
6.      To study the characteristic of spirogyra/Agaricus, Moss/Fern, Pinus ( either with male or female conre) and an
Angiospermic plant. Draw and give two identifying features of groups they belong to.
7.      To observe and draw the given specimens-earthworm, cockroach, bony fish and bird. For each specimen record
a.      one specific feature of its phylum
b.      one adaptive feature with reference to its habitat.

IXth science first term syllabus

General Instructions :
1.  The units specified for each term shall be assessed through both Formative and Summative assessments.
2.  In each term, term will be two formative assessments each carrying 10% weightage.
3.  The summative assessment in the First term will carry 20% weightage and the summative assessment in the second term will carry 40% weightage.
4.  Hands on practical examination will be conducted through formative assessment in every term with 20%
weightage of total term marks.
5.  Assessment of Practical Skills through MCQ will carry 20% weightage in every term and summative assessment.

COURSE STRUCTURE

CLASS IX

First Term		Marks : 80
	Units	Mark
I.	Food	11
II.	Matter - Its nature and behaviour	26
III.	Organisation in living world	16
IV.	Motion, Force and Work	27
	Total	80

Theme : Food                                                                                           (10 Periods) Unit : Food
Plant and animal breeding and selection for quality improvement and management; use of fertilizers, manures; protection from pests and diseases; organic farming.
Theme : Materials                                                                                                                    (22 Periods) Unit : Matter - Nature and behaviour
Definition of matter; solid, liquid and gas; characteristics - shape, volume, density; change of state-melting (absorption of heat), freezing, evaporation (Cooling by evaporation), condensation, sublimation.
Nature of matter : Elements, compounds and mixtures. Heterogeneous and homogenous mixtures, colloids and suspensions.
Theme: The World of The Living                                                           (22 Periods) Unit: Organization in the living world.
Cell - Basic Unit of life : Cell as a basic unit of life; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms; cell membrane and cell wall, cell organelles; chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus; nucleus, chromosomes - basic structure, number.
TISSUES, Organs, Organ System, Organism
Structure and functions of animal and plant tissues (four types in animals; meristematic and permanent tissues in plants).
Theme : Moving Things, People and Ideas                                           (36 Periods) Unit : Motion, force and work
Motion : Distance and displacement, velocity; uniform and non-uniform motion along a straight line; acceleration, distance-time and velocity-time graphs for uniform motion and uniformly accelerated motion, equations of motion by graphical method; elementary idea of uniform circular motion.
Force and Newton's laws: Force and motion, Newton's laws of motion, inertia of a body, inertia and mass, momentum, force and acceleration. Elementary idea of conservation of momentum, action and reaction forces.
Gravitation : Gravitation; universal law of gravitation, force of gravitation of the earth (gravity), acceleration due to gravity; mass and weight; free fall

PRACTICALS

Practical should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes

List of Experiments

1.      To test (a) the presence of starch in the given food sample (b) the presence of the adulterant metanil yellow in dal
2.      To prepare
a)       a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum
b)      a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water
c)       a colloidal of starch in water and egg albumin in water and distinguish between these on the basis of
•      transparency
•      filtration criterion
•      stability
3.      To prepare
a)       a mixture
b)      a compound
using iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguish between these on the basis of:
i.        appearance i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity ii.  behaviour towards a magnet
iii.       behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent. iv. effect of heat.
4.      To carry out the following reactions and classify them as physical or chemical changes. a.          Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.
b.      Burning of magnesium in air.
c.      Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid d. Heating of copper sulphate
e.      Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.
5.      To prepare stained temporary mounts of (a) onion peel and (b) human cheek cells and to record observations and draw their labeled diagrams.
6.      To identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, striped muscle fibers and nerve cells in animals, from prepared slides and to draw their labeled diagrams.
7.      To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride (or camphor) by sublimation.
8.      To determine the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.

X Class mathematics second term syllabus

CLASS X

Second Term                                                                                                    Marks : 80
UNITS                                                                                                MARKS

II.	ALGEBRA (Contd.)	20
III.	GEOMETRY (Contd.)	16
IV.	TRIGONOMETRY (Contd.)	08
V.	PROBABILITY	06
VI.	COORDINATE GEOMETRY	10
VII.	MENSU RATION	20
	TOTAL	80

UNIT II : ALGEBRA (Contd.)
3.        QUADRATIC EQUATIONS                                                                                   (15) Periods
Standard form of a quadratic equation ax2  + bx + c = 0, (a ¹ 0). Solution of the quadratic equations (only real roots) by factorization, by completing the square and by using quadratic formula. Relationship between discriminant and nature of roots.
Problems related to day to day activities to be incorporated.
4.        ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS                                                                           (8) Periods
Motivation for studying AP. Derivation of standard results of finding the nth term and sum of first n terms.
UNIT III : GEOMETRY (Contd.)
2.         CIRCLES                                                                                                                     (8) Periods
Tangents to a circle motivated by chords drawn from points coming closer and closer to the point.
1.     (Prove) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
2.     (Prove) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to circle are equal.
3.         CONSTRUCTIONS                                                                                                    (8) Periods
1.     Division of a line segment in a given ratio (internally)
2.     Tangent to a circle from a point outside it.
3.     Construction of a triangle similar to a given triangle.
UNIT IV : TRIGONOMETRY
3.        HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES                                                                                    (8) Periods
Simple and believable problems on heights and distances. Problems should not involve more than two right triangles. Angles of elevation / depression should be only 30o, 45o, 60o.
UNIT V : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
2.         PROBABILITY                                                                                                         (10) Periods
Classical definition of probability. Connection with probability as given in Class IX. Simple problems on single events, not using set notation.
UNIT VI : COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1.        LINES (In two-dimensions)                                                                                      (14) Periods
Review the concepts of coordinate geometry done earlier including graphs of linear equations. Awareness of geometrical representation of quadratic polynomials. Distance between two points and section formula (internal). Area of a triangle.
UNIT VII : MENSURATION
1.         AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES                                                                              (12) Periods
Motivate the area of a circle; area of sectors and segments of a circle. Problems based on areas and perimeter / circumference of the above said plane figures. (In calculating area of segment of a circle, problems should be restricted to central angle of 60o, 90o  & 120o  only. Plane figures involving triangles, simple quadrilaterals and circle should be taken.)
2.         SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES                                                                         (12) Periods
(i)     Problems on finding surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the following: cubes, cuboids, spheres, hemispheres and right circular cylinders/cones. Frustum of a cone.
(ii)     Problems involving converting one type of metallic solid into another and other mixed problems. (Problems with combination of not more than two different solids be taken.)

x class first term syllabus

CLASS X

First Term                                                                                                       Marks : 80
UNITS                                                                                                MARKS

I.	NUMBER SYSTEMS	10
II.	ALGEBRA	20
III.	GEOMETRY	15
IV	TRIGONOMETRY	20
V	STATISTICS	15
	TOTAL	80

UNIT I : NUMBER SYSTEMS
1.        REAL NUMBERS                                                                                                   (15) Periods
Euclid's division lemma, Fundamental Theorem ofArithmetic - statements after reviewing work done earlier and after illustrating and motivating through examples, Proofs of results - irrationality of Ö2, Ö3, Ö5, decimal expansions of rational numbers in terms of terminating/non-terminating recurring decimals.
UNIT II : ALGEBRA
1.        POLYNOMIALS                                                                                                        (7) Periods
Zeros of a polynomial. Relationship between zeros and coefficients of quadratic polynomials. Statement and simple problems on division algorithm for polynomials with real coefficients.
2.        PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES                                        (15) Periods
Pair of linear equations in two variables and their graphical solution. Geometric representation of different possibilities of solutions/inconsistency.Algebraic conditions for number of solutions. Solution of pair of linear equations in two variables algebraically - by substitution, by elimination and by cross multiplication. Simple situational problems must be included. Simple problems on equations reducible to linear equations may be included.
UNIT III : GEOMETRY
1.        TRIANGLES                                                                                                            (15) Periods
Definitions, examples, counter examples of similar triangles.
1.     (Prove) If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
2.     (Motivate) If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, the line is parallel to the third side.
3.     (Motivate) If in two triangles, the corresponding angles are equal, their corresponding sides are proportional and the triangles are similar.
4.     (Motivate) If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, their corresponding angles are equal and the two triangles are similar.
5.     (Motivate) If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these angles are proportional, the two triangles are similar.
6.     (Motivate) If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the hypotenuse, the triangles on each side of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and to each other.
7.     (Prove) The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares on their corresponding sides.
8.     (Prove) In a right triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides.
9.     (Prove) In a triangle, if the square on one side is equal to sum of the squares on the other two sides, the angles opposite to the first side is a right traingle.
UNIT IV : TRIGONOMETRY
1.        INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY                                                           (10) Periods
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled triangle. Proof of their existence (well defined);
motivate the ratios, whichever are defined at 0o & 90o. Values (with proofs) of the trigonometric ratios of
30o, 45o & 60o. Relationships between the ratios.

2.        TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES                                                                       (15) Periods
Proof and applications of the identity sin2 A + cos2 A= 1. Only simple identities to be given. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles.
UNIT VII : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
1.         STATISTICS                                                                                                              (18) Periods

Mean, median and mode of grouped data (bimodal situation to be avoided). Cumulative frequency graph.

Class IX second term syllabus

Course Structure
Class IX

Second Term                                                                                    Marks : 80
UNITS                                                                                                 MARKS

II.	ALGEBRA	14
III.	GEOMETRY (Contd.)	35
V.	MENSU RATION (Contd.)	15
VI.	STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY	16
	TOTAL	80

UNIT II : ALGEBRA (Contd.)
2.        LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES                                                          (14) Periods
Recall of linear equations in one variable. Introduction to the equation in two variables. Prove that a linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions and justify their being written as ordered pairs of real numbers, plotting them and showing that they seem to lie on a line. Examples, problems from real life, including problems on Ratio and Proportion and with algebraic and graphical solutions being done simultaneously.
UNIT III : GEOMETRY (Contd.)
4.        QUADRILATERALS                                                                                               (10) Periods
1.    (Prove) The diagonal divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
2.    (Motivate) In a parallelogram opposite sides are equal, and conversely.
3.    (Motivate) In a parallelogram opposite angles are equal, and conversely.
4.    (Motivate) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of its opposite sides is parallel and equal.
5.    (Motivate) In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other and conversely.
6.    (Motivate) In a triangle, the line segment joining the mid points of any two sides is parallel to the third side and (motivate) its converse.
5.        AREA                                                                                                                          (4) Periods
Review concept of area, recall area of a rectangle.
1.    (Prove) Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels have the same area.
2.    (Motivate) Triangles on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area and its converse.
6.        CIRCLES                                                                                                                  (15) Periods
Through examples, arrive at definitions of circle related concepts, radius, circumference, diameter, chord, arc, subtended angle.
1.     (Prove) Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the center and (motivate) its converse.
2.     (Motivate) The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord bisects the chord and conversely, the line drawn through the center of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
3.     (Motivate) There is one and only one circle passing through three given non-collinear points.
4.     (Motivate) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the center(s) and conversely.
5.     (Prove) The angle subtended by an arc at the center is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
6.     (Motivate) Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
7.     (Motivate) If a line segment joining two points subtendes equal angle at two other points lying on the same side of the line containing the segment, the four points lie on a circle.
8.     (Motivate) The sum of the either pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180o and its converse
7.        CONSTRUCTIONS                                                                                                 (10) Periods
1.     Construction of bisectors of line segments & angles, 60o, 90o, 45o angles etc., equilateral triangles.
2.     Construction of a triangle given its base, sum/difference of the other two sides and one base angle.
3.     Construction of a triangle of given perimeter and base angles.
UNIT V : MENSURATION (Contd.)
2.        SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES                                                                        (12) Periods
Surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, spheres (including hemispheres) and right circular cylinders/
cones.
UNIT VI : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
1.        STATISTICS                                                                                                             (13) Periods
Introduction to Statistics : Collection of data, presentation of data — tabular form, ungrouped / grouped, bar graphs, histograms (with varying base lengths), frequency polygons, qualitative analysis of data to choose the correct form of presentation for the collected data. Mean, median, mode of ungrouped data.

2.        PROBABILITY                                                                                                        (12) Periods
History, Repeated experiments and observed frequency approach to probability. Focus is on empirical probability. (A large amount of time to be devoted to group and to individual activities to motivate the concept; the experiments to be drawn from real - life situations, and from examples used in the chapter on statistics).

IX class first term syllabus

Course Structure
Class IX

First Term                               Marks : 80

UNITS                                                                                                 MARKS

I.	NUMBER SYSTEM	15
II.	ALGEBRA	22
III.	GEOMETRY	35
IV.	CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY	05
V.	MENSURATION	03
	TOTALTHEORY	80

UNIT I : NUMBER SYSTEMS
1.         REAL NUMBERS                                                                                                  (18) Periods
Review of representation of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers on the number line. Representation
of terminating / non-terminating recurring decimals, on the number line through successive magnification. Rational numbers as recurring/terminating decimals.
Examples of nonrecurring / non terminating decimals such as root 2, root 3, root 5 etc. Existence of non-rational numbers (irrational numbers) such as root 2, root3 and their representation on the number line. Explaining that every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line and conversely, every point on the number line represents a unique real number.
Existence of rootx for a given positive real number x (visual proof to be emphasized). Definition of nth root of a real number.
Recall of laws of exponents with integral powers. Rational exponents with positive real bases (to be done by particular cases, allowing learner to arrive at the general laws.)
UNIT II : ALGEBRA
1.        POLYNOMIALS                                                                                                      (23) Periods
Definition of a polynomial in one variable, its coefficients, with examples and counter examples, its terms, zero polynomial. Degree of a polynomial. Constant, linear, quadratic, cubic polynomials; monomials, binomials, trinomials. Factors and multiples. Zeros/roots of a polynomial / equation. State and motivate the Remainder Theorem with examples and analogy to integers. Statement and proof of the Factor Theorem. Factorization of ax2 + bx + c, a ¹ 0 where a, b, c are real numbers, and of cubic polynomials using the Factor Theorem.
Recall of algebraic expressions and identities. Further identities of the type (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy
+ 2yz + 2zx, (x ± y)3  = x3  ± y3  ± 3xy (x ± y).
x3  + y3  + z3  — 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2  + y2  + z2  — xy — yz — zx) and their use in factorization of polymonials. Simple expressions reducible to these polynomials.
UNIT III : GEOMETRY
1.        INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID'S GEOMETRY                                                         (6) Periods
History - Euclid and geometry in India. Euclid's method of formalizing observed phenomenon into rigorous mathematics with definitions, common/obvious notions, axioms/postulates and theorems. The five postulates of Euclid. Equivalent versions of the fifth postulate. Showing the relationship between axiom and theorem.
1.    Given two distinct points, there exists one and only one line through them.
2.    (Prove) two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common.
2.        LINES AND ANGLES                                                                                                (10) Periods
1.    (Motivate) If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the two adjacent angles so formed is 180o and the converse.
2.    (Prove) If two lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles are equal.
3.    (Motivate) Results on corresponding angles, alternate angles, interior angles when a transversal intersects two parallel lines.
4.    (Motivate) Lines, which are parallel to a given line, are parallel.
5.    (Prove) The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180o.
6.    (Motivate) If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interiors opposite angles.
3.        TRIANGLES                                                                                                            (20) Periods
1.    (Motivate) Two triangles are congruent if any two sides and the included angle of one triangle is equal to any two sides and the included angle of the other triangle (SAS Congruence).
2.    (Prove) Two triangles are congruent if any two angles and the included side of one triangle is equal to any two angles and the included side of the other triangle (ASA Congruence).
3.    (Motivate) Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of the other triangle (SSS Congruene).
4.    (Motivate) Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle are equal
(respectively) to the hypotenuse and a side of the other triangle.
5.    (Prove) The angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.
6.    (Motivate) The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.
7.    (Motivate) Triangle inequalities and relation between 'angle and facing side' inequalities in triangles.
UNIT IV : COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1.        COORDINATE GEOMETRY                                                                                   (9) Periods
The Cartesian plane, coordinates of a point, names and terms associated with the coordinate plane, notations, plotting points in the plane, graph of linear equations as examples; focus on linear equations of the type ax + by + c = 0 by writing it as y = mx + c and linking with the chapter on linear equations in two variables.
UNIT V : MENSURATION
1.        AREAS                                                                                                                        (4) Periods
Area of a triangle using Hero's formula (without proof) and its application in finding the area of a quadrilateral.